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Collection · The Atlantic, 1939–1945 · 20 machines

The Battle of the Atlantic

The longest continuous campaign of the war, fought over six years for the sea lanes on which Britain lived — and the only campaign Churchill admitted had frightened him.

It began on the first day of the war and ended on the last. Everything Britain needed to keep fighting — oil, food, ammunition, and eventually the American armies themselves — had to cross the Atlantic, and Germany spent six years trying to stop it: first with surface raiders sent out to hunt merchantmen, then with the U-boats that came close to succeeding.

The ships collected here are the two halves of that fight. On one side the raiders, from the pocket battleship cornered off Montevideo in December 1939 to the battleship that spent two years hiding in a Norwegian fjord and tying down the Home Fleet by simply existing. On the other, the hunters — and the obsolete-looking biplane that crippled the most famous of them all.

Six years for the sea lanes
3 September 1939U-30 sinks the liner Athenia on the first day of Britain’s war
17 December 1939Admiral Graf Spee is scuttled after the Battle of the River Plate
27 May 1941The Royal Navy sinks Bismarck after the Atlantic chase
13 January 1942Operation Paukenschlag opens the U-boat offensive off the American coast
May 1943Heavy U-boat losses force a temporary withdrawal from the North Atlantic convoy routes
8 May 1945The remaining German U-boats are ordered to surrender
Campaign episode Follow the Hunt for the Bismarck → Reconstruct the nine-day sortie and pursuit that became the Atlantic campaign’s most famous surface action.
The German raiders · 6
Admiral Graf Spee
Admiral Graf Spee
Cornered off the River Plate in December 1939 — the war’s first surface action
KMS Bismarck
KMS Bismarck
Broke out into the Atlantic in May 1941 and was hunted down in nine days
Prinz Eugen
Prinz Eugen
Sailed with the Bismarck, escaped the hunt, and ran the Channel Dash
Scharnhorst
Scharnhorst
Operation Berlin: 22 ships sunk in the Atlantic, then North Cape
KMS Tirpitz
KMS Tirpitz
The fleet in being — she tied down the Home Fleet without firing on a convoy
Type 1936 Destroyer
Type 1936 Destroyer
The German destroyers: half the force destroyed at Narvik, then the Channel Dash and the Barents Sea
The Royal Navy answers · 8
HMS Exeter
HMS Exeter
Took the worst of Graf Spee’s fire at the River Plate and stayed in the fight
HMS Hood
HMS Hood
The pride of the Royal Navy, lost in three minutes in the Denmark Strait
HMS Prince of Wales
HMS Prince of Wales
Fought the Bismarck with dockyard workers still aboard
HMS Rodney
HMS Rodney
Her 16-inch guns wrecked the Bismarck’s superstructure at point-blank range
HMS King George V
HMS King George V
Flagship of the force that finished the Bismarck
HMS Ark Royal
HMS Ark Royal
Her Swordfish jammed the Bismarck’s rudder — then a U-boat sank her
HMS Belfast
HMS Belfast
Arctic convoys, and the shadowing cruiser at the North Cape
Tribal-class Destroyer
Tribal-class Destroyer
The best-armed British destroyers — the Altmark boarding, Narvik, and the Arctic run
The war on the convoys · 6
Type VII U-boat
Type VII U-boat
The boat that fought the tonnage war — and lost it with 75% of its crews
Flower-class Corvette
Flower-class Corvette
The whale catcher turned escort — slower than the U-boats, and built by the hundred
Vickers Wellington
Vickers Wellington
Leigh Light Wellingtons over the Bay of Biscay — the searchlight that ended the night transit
Consolidated B-24 Liberator
Consolidated B-24 Liberator
Very Long Range Liberators closed the mid-Atlantic air gap and hunted U-boats far beyond the coast
Liberty Ship
Liberty Ship
What the convoys were for: 2,710 welded hulls, launched faster than they could be sunk
Fairey Swordfish
Fairey Swordfish
Convoy escort and the strike that crippled the Bismarck